European Frontiers in Current Science and Research
ISSN: Applied Publication Frequency: Halfyearly Open Access | International Journal | Double Blinded Peer Reviewed Journal
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Copyright (c) 2026 vijay patel vijay patel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMMUNO-NANOMEDICINE AND THERANOSTIC PLATFORMS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY, AUTOIMMUNE, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND ONCOLOGIC DISEASES: MECHANISTIC FOUNDATIONS, TRANSLATIONAL PATHWAYS, AND PRECISION MEDICINE IMPLICATIONS
The convergence of nanotechnology with immunology and molecular medicine has profoundly transformed contemporary biomedical research, offering innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for complex diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and malignancy. Nanomedicine has emerged as a versatile platform capable of integrating targeted drug delivery, immune modulation, and multimodal imaging into unified theranostic systems. This research article presents an extensive theoretical and integrative analysis of nanomedicine-driven immunomodulation and theranostics, with particular emphasis on autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular pathologies, and cancer. Drawing strictly from the provided references, the article synthesizes evidence on nanoparticle–immune cell interactions, mechanisms governing macrophage and dendritic cell uptake, mast cell involvement in inflammatory mucosal diseases, and the application of polymeric, metallic, and protein-based nanostructures in diagnosis and therapy. The article explores how nanoparticle physicochemical properties influence immune recognition, endocytosis, and downstream biological responses, thereby shaping therapeutic outcomes. Special attention is given to nanoparticle-based strategies for inducing immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases, modulating pathological fibrosis in connective tissue disorders, and enhancing tumor imaging and radiotherapy efficacy. The role of theranostic nanoparticles in bridging diagnostics and therapeutics is critically examined, highlighting advances in multimodality imaging, targeted drug delivery, and real-time monitoring of treatment response. Furthermore, the implications of sex-specific vascular biology, genetic variability, and extracellular matrix remodeling are discussed in the context of personalized nanomedicine. Through an in-depth methodological and conceptual discussion, this article identifies key translational challenges, including biocompatibility, immune toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles, while proposing future research directions aimed at clinical integration. By offering a comprehensive and theory-driven narrative, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of how nanomedicine can redefine disease management paradigms across immunological, oncological, and cardiovascular domains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Alejandro Martínez-Ruiz, Dr. Sofia Laurent (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRECISION IMMUNOMODULATION AND STIMULI-RESPONSIVE NANOTHERANOSTICS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: TRANSLATIONAL INTEGRATION OF IMMUNE TOLERANCE, NANOMEDICINE, AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases represent a spectrum of pathophysiological conditions unified by dysregulated immune responses, persistent tissue damage, and complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. Over the past two decades, biomedical research has increasingly shifted from broad-spectrum immunosuppression toward precision-based immunomodulatory strategies designed to restore immune tolerance while minimizing systemic adverse effects. Concurrently, advances in nanotechnology and theranostic platforms have enabled unprecedented control over drug delivery, immune cell targeting, and real-time monitoring of disease processes. This research article synthesizes and critically analyzes foundational and translational evidence from antigen-specific tolerance induction, autoregulatory T-cell modulation, dendritic cell–nanomaterial interactions, and stimuli-responsive nanotheranostics, situating these developments within a unified theoretical framework of chronic inflammation. Drawing exclusively on the provided references, this work examines how immune tolerance strategies demonstrated in multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes intersect conceptually and mechanistically with smart nanomaterials designed for pathological microenvironments, such as acidic tumor niches and inflamed vascular tissue. Particular attention is given to the immunological plasticity of dendritic cells, the role of memory-like autoregulatory T cells, and the emerging relevance of psychoneuroimmunological factors in systemic and oral inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the article explores the translational implications of inflammatory biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis, proposing that immune-targeted nanotheranostics may bridge autoimmune and cardiometabolic disease management. Through extensive theoretical elaboration, critical discussion of limitations, and forward-looking analysis, this article aims to contribute a comprehensive, publication-ready synthesis that advances the conceptual integration of immunology, nanomedicine, and chronic disease therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Lukas M. Reinhardt, Dr. Kenji Nakamura (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUMAN CAPITAL AS A MISSING RISK DIMENSION IN MULTIFACTOR ASSET PRICING: EVIDENCE, THEORY, AND METHODOLOGICAL EXTENSIONS FROM EMERGING MARKETS
Asset pricing theory has undergone a profound evolution over the past several decades, transitioning from the elegant simplicity of single-factor models toward increasingly sophisticated multifactor frameworks designed to capture the complex realities of financial markets. The Capital Asset Pricing Model established the foundational intuition that systematic market risk should command a premium, yet persistent empirical anomalies soon challenged its explanatory power. Subsequent developments, most notably the Fama and French three-factor, five-factor, and related extensions, substantially improved empirical fit by incorporating size, value, profitability, and investment factors. Despite these advances, a growing body of scholarship has argued that even modern multifactor models remain incomplete, particularly in their treatment of labor income, skills, and human capital accumulation. This article provides a comprehensive theoretical, methodological, and interpretive examination of human capital as a missing risk dimension in asset pricing, with particular emphasis on emerging market contexts. Building on the expanding literature that integrates labor income and human capital considerations into financial economics, the study critically engages with the human capital-based four-factor asset pricing model proposed and empirically tested in a developing market setting by Khan et al. (2023). That contribution represents a significant step toward reconciling asset pricing theory with the economic reality that human capital constitutes a dominant share of aggregate wealth, especially in economies characterized by demographic growth, labor-intensive production structures, and imperfect capital markets. By embedding human capital into a factor-based framework, recent research challenges the long-standing separation between labor economics and finance, offering a more holistic view of risk, return, and portfolio behavior. The present article synthesizes classical asset pricing theory, the empirical evolution of multifactor models, and the conceptual foundations of human capital to articulate a unified analytical framework. It provides an extensive methodological discussion of factor construction, model estimation, and interpretive strategies suitable for contexts where data limitations, market frictions, and institutional heterogeneity are pronounced. Rather than relying on mathematical formalism or visual representations, the analysis develops its arguments through detailed descriptive reasoning grounded in the existing literature. The results section interprets empirical patterns documented in prior studies, emphasizing how the inclusion of human capital factors alters inference about traditional risk premia. The discussion section offers an in-depth theoretical interpretation of these findings, situating them within broader debates on market efficiency, anomaly persistence, and the role of non-traded risks. Particular attention is given to the implications for emerging markets, where labor income risk, informal employment, and human capital volatility may exert a stronger influence on asset returns than in advanced economies. The article concludes by outlining limitations and proposing future research directions, including cross-country comparative designs, institutional refinements, and deeper integration of human capital dynamics into asset pricing theory. Through its extensive elaboration and critical synthesis, the study aims to contribute a publication-ready, theoretically rich perspective on the next stage of multifactor asset pricing research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Alejandro M. Ruiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUTURE LABOR INCOME RISK, MULTIFACTOR ASSET PRICING, AND THE CROSS-SECTION OF EQUITY RETURNS: A COMPREHENSIVE REASSESSMENT
Understanding the determinants of the cross-section of equity returns remains one of the most persistent and intellectually challenging problems in modern financial economics. Over several decades, researchers have proposed a wide range of theoretical explanations and empirical models to account for systematic variations in expected stock returns across firms, industries, and markets. Traditional single-factor models, most notably the Capital Asset Pricing Model, were gradually supplemented and challenged by multifactor frameworks such as the Fama–French models, behavioral explanations rooted in investor psychology, and conditional asset pricing approaches that allow risk premia to vary over time. More recently, labor income risk and human capital considerations have emerged as a crucial yet underexplored dimension in explaining asset prices. This article develops a comprehensive and integrative examination of future labor income growth as a state variable shaping equity returns, embedding this perspective within the broader literature on size, value, momentum, beta, and macroeconomic risk factors. Anchored in prior theoretical and empirical contributions, the study critically reassesses how labor income dynamics interact with established asset pricing factors to influence expected returns. The analysis emphasizes conceptual rigor rather than mathematical formalism, offering an extensive descriptive methodology and interpretive discussion that situates labor income risk within both classical and contemporary debates. By synthesizing insights from multifactor models, conditional asset pricing, and behavioral finance, the article argues that labor income growth expectations provide a unifying lens through which many observed anomalies in the cross-section of returns can be better understood. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions regarding model completeness, economic interpretation of factors, and the evolving role of macro-labor linkages in financial markets, while also outlining limitations and promising avenues for future research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alejandro M. Fernández, Sofia R. Conti, Lukas H. Weber (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENERGY SECURITY, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION IN INDONESIA
Indonesia’s energy transition occupies a uniquely complex position within global debates on climate change mitigation, energy security, fiscal sustainability, and political economy. As the world’s fourth most populous country, a major coal producer, and an emerging middle-income economy, Indonesia faces a structural dilemma: the imperative to decarbonize its energy system while maintaining affordable electricity, macroeconomic stability, and political legitimacy. This article develops a comprehensive and theoretically grounded analysis of Indonesia’s energy transition by integrating perspectives from energy security theory, fossil fuel subsidy reform, public finance, and renewable energy political economy. Drawing exclusively on the provided references, the study examines how excess electricity supply, fiscal pressures on the state budget, state-owned utility debt dynamics, and entrenched fossil fuel interests have shaped renewable energy policy outcomes in Indonesia. Particular attention is given to the delayed issuance of renewable energy presidential regulations, the role of PLN as a vertically integrated monopoly utility, and the political contestation surrounding feed-in tariffs and subsidy reforms. Methodologically, the article employs qualitative policy analysis and institutional interpretation, synthesizing secondary data from government planning documents, media reports, international energy commentaries, and peer-reviewed economic studies. Rather than treating Indonesia’s energy challenges as purely technical, the study situates them within broader socio-political and economic structures, emphasizing how distributional concerns, fiscal risk aversion, and energy affordability narratives constrain policy ambition. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s renewable energy transition is not primarily hindered by technological feasibility, but by a governance regime shaped by fiscal conservatism, subsidy path dependence, and risk-averse political leadership. The discussion advances theoretical insights into energy transition governance in developing economies, highlighting how energy security and fiscal stability are often framed in opposition to climate goals, despite their potential complementarities. The article concludes by arguing that Indonesia’s transition trajectory reflects a broader pattern across fossil fuel–dependent developing countries, where decarbonization is mediated through concerns over state budgets, utility balance sheets, and social stability. By providing an in-depth, citation-grounded analysis, this study contributes to the literature on energy policy, development economics, and political economy, offering lessons for policymakers seeking to reconcile renewable energy expansion with fiscal and political realities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ahmad Rizky Pratama, Dr. Kenji Tanaka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENERGY SECURITY AND NATIONAL RESILIENCE IN INDONESIA: A THEORETICAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS WITHIN THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRILEMMA FRAMEWORK
Energy security has emerged as one of the most critical pillars of national resilience in the contemporary global system, particularly for developing and resource-dependent states. Indonesia, despite its historical status as an energy-rich country, has experienced a progressive erosion of its energy security position over the past two decades. This article provides an extensive, theory-driven, and policy-focused analysis of Indonesia’s energy security challenges by integrating global energy security frameworks with national empirical realities. Anchored in the World Energy Council’s Energy Trilemma framework, this study examines the dimensions of energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability as they apply to Indonesia’s evolving energy landscape. Drawing strictly on the provided references, the article situates Indonesia’s experience within both international security studies and domestic policy developments, including the country’s transition from oil exporter to net oil importer, persistent reliance on fossil fuels, structural inefficiencies in energy governance, and regulatory responses through national energy policy instruments. Through a qualitative, descriptive, and interpretive methodological approach, the study demonstrates that Indonesia’s declining performance in regional energy security rankings is not merely a function of resource scarcity but is deeply embedded in institutional design, policy implementation gaps, geopolitical vulnerability, and competing development priorities. The article further engages with securitization theory to conceptualize energy as a non-traditional security issue, highlighting how energy insecurity intersects with economic stability, fiscal risk, environmental degradation, and social welfare. By offering an extensive discussion of findings, theoretical implications, limitations, and future research directions, this article contributes to both the academic literature on energy security and the policy discourse on sustainable energy governance in Indonesia and comparable emerging economies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arianto Prabowo, Miguel Alvarez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DECARBONIZING INDONESIA’S POWER SECTOR THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY EXPANSION: POLICY, MARKET DYNAMICS, AND INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION
Indonesia’s energy transition occupies a uniquely complex position within global decarbonization efforts. As a rapidly growing middle-income economy with abundant fossil fuel resources, high energy demand growth, and deep institutional legacies in state-owned energy enterprises, Indonesia faces structural challenges that distinguish it from both advanced economies and least-developed countries. This article develops an original, theory-driven and empirically grounded analysis of Indonesia’s renewable energy transition, with a particular focus on solar photovoltaics, wind resources, and the political–institutional economy shaping energy policy outcomes. Drawing strictly on the provided references, the study synthesizes insights from disaster risk science, energy economics, development finance, policy analysis, and comparative institutional studies to construct a comprehensive understanding of why renewable energy deployment in Indonesia has lagged its technical potential, and how this trajectory might be altered. The article advances three core arguments. First, Indonesia’s renewable energy potential—particularly in solar and wind—is not primarily constrained by resource availability, but by institutional uncertainty, tariff design, and risk allocation mechanisms that shape investor behavior. Second, the persistence of fossil fuel subsidies and the political sensitivity of fuel pricing have created path dependencies that weaken renewable competitiveness, even when technology costs decline. Third, state-owned power companies play a decisive mediating role in the energy transition, acting simultaneously as potential enablers of decarbonization and as institutional bottlenecks when governance reforms lag behind policy ambition. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative–integrative research design that combines policy document analysis, conceptual modeling, and comparative interpretation of empirical findings from prior studies. Rather than introducing new quantitative datasets, the research emphasizes deep theoretical elaboration of existing evidence, tracing causal mechanisms linking policy instruments, financing structures, market behavior, and technological diffusion. The results demonstrate that incremental policy adjustments are insufficient to unlock Indonesia’s renewable energy transition; instead, coordinated reform across tariffs, financing support, spatial planning, and state-owned enterprise governance is required. The discussion situates Indonesia’s experience within broader debates on energy transitions in emerging economies, highlighting the importance of aligning decarbonization strategies with social equity, disaster risk reduction, and long-term development objectives. The article concludes by outlining a forward-looking agenda for research and policy, emphasizing institutional learning, regulatory credibility, and the strategic repositioning of state-owned utilities as central actors in Indonesia’s low-carbon future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafael Santoso, Elena Putri, Kenji Matsuda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCED NANOTHERANOSTIC SYSTEMS FOR PRECISION ONCOLOGY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MANAGEMENT: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS, MATERIAL ENGINEERING, AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Nanotheranostics has emerged as one of the most transformative paradigms in contemporary biomedical science, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities within a single nanoscale platform. This convergence responds to the growing demand for precision medicine, where disease detection, treatment, and monitoring are individualized, dynamic, and minimally invasive. The present research article offers an extensive, theory-driven, and integrative analysis of nanotheranostic systems, drawing strictly on the provided body of literature. It explores the conceptual foundations of nanotheranostics, the physicochemical principles governing nanoparticle design, and the biological mechanisms that enable simultaneous imaging and therapy. Particular emphasis is placed on cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which together represent the dominant global disease burden and the primary translational targets of nanotheranostic innovation. In oncology, nanotheranostics has redefined approaches to tumor imaging, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and multimodal treatment strategies. Metallic nanoparticles, especially gold-based systems, polymeric carriers, lipid-based nanostructures, and organic fluorescent nanoparticles are examined in depth, with attention to their diagnostic contrast properties, therapeutic payload capacity, surface functionalization, and responsiveness to internal or external stimuli. The Trojan horse strategy and dual-transformable nanoplatforms are analyzed as advanced design concepts that enhance tumor specificity and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. The article also critically examines the role of nanotheranostics in oral cancer, melanoma, and other solid tumors, highlighting both preclinical promise and translational challenges. Beyond oncology, this article extends the discussion to cardiovascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis, where molecular imaging and targeted therapy remain unmet clinical needs. By integrating insights from cardiovascular pathogenesis with nanotheranostic design principles, the article elucidates how nanoparticles can be engineered to target inflammatory processes, lipid accumulation, and plaque instability. The theoretical compatibility between nanotheranostics and cardiovascular precision medicine is explored, emphasizing the potential for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and image-guided intervention. Methodologically, this work adopts a comprehensive narrative synthesis approach, systematically analyzing the mechanisms, material classes, and biological interactions reported in the referenced literature. The results are presented as a descriptive integration of experimental trends, mechanistic insights, and translational outcomes rather than quantitative meta-analysis. The discussion critically evaluates current limitations, including biocompatibility, long-term toxicity, regulatory barriers, and clinical scalability, while proposing future research directions grounded in materials science, molecular biology, and systems medicine. In conclusion, this article positions nanotheranostics as a cornerstone of next-generation medicine, capable of unifying diagnosis and therapy across diverse disease contexts. By providing an in-depth, theoretically rich, and publication-ready synthesis, it aims to support researchers, clinicians, and policymakers in advancing nanotheranostic technologies from experimental promise to clinical reality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Alejandro M. Torres, Dr. Sofia R. Almeida (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY LAURIC ACID FROM DISTILLED PALM KERNEL FATTY ACID ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS OF BROILER CHICKENS
As the global poultry industry pivots away from its long-standing reliance on antibiotic growth promoters, the scientific community and farmers alike are on an urgent quest for safe, effective, and natural alternatives. This study focuses on one of the most promising candidates: lauric acid, a natural medium-chain fatty acid derived from Distilled Palm Kernel Fatty Acid (DPKFA). While its benefits for growth and gut health are becoming known, a critical question remained: does it place any hidden stress on the birds' systems? Our investigation was designed to answer this question comprehensively. We closely monitored the core physiological signs of well-being in broiler chickens—including core body temperature (rectal), peripheral temperatures of key heat-dissipating organs (shank and comb), as well as respiratory and heart rates. Over a 35-day trial, we fed chickens diets with varying levels of lauric acid. The results were unequivocally clear and consistent: the chickens that consumed lauric acid were just as calm, cool, and healthy as those on a standard diet. Their body temperatures, heart rates, and breathing rates remained completely normal and stable, showing no signs of fever, thermal stress, or cardiovascular strain. This robust set of findings tells us that lauric acid from DPKFA is a remarkably gentle and stress-free addition to broiler feed, solidifying its position as a leading candidate to support poultry health and productivity in the modern, antibiotic-free era of farming.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Rehanth S. Malvodi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A FATAL CASE OF PNEUMOCEPHALUS LINKED TO HYPERMUCOVISCOUS, HYPRECLINICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA EXTRACTS: ACUTE AND SUBACUTE TOXICITY IN RODENT MODELS
Euphorbia hirta, a widely used medicinal plant, holds significant traditional and pharmacological importance. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of Euphorbia hirta methanol extract in mice and Wistar rats, respectively. In the acute toxicity study, single oral doses up to 5000 mg/kg in mice caused no mortality or significant clinical signs, indicating a low acute toxicity profile (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg). For the subacute study, Wistar rats received daily oral doses of 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. No significant changes were observed in body weight, organ weights, food/water intake, hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, platelets), or biochemical markers of liver (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney (creatinine, urea) function across all treated groups compared to controls. Histopathological examination of vital organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, lungs, brain) also revealed no morphological alterations. These findings suggest that Euphorbia hirta methanol extract has a favorable safety profile with no significant systemic or organ-specific toxicity at the tested doses, supporting its traditional use and potential for therapeutic development.
Copyright (c) 2024 European Frontiers in Current Science and Research
INVESTIGATING THE EFFICACY OF A STEAM-BASED LEARNING MODULE INCORPORATING A "STEAM" THEME IN FOSTERING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AMONG FIFTH-GRADE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
We wanted to see if a STEAM-based learning module, built around the idea of "steam" (like water vapor!), could help fifth-grade elementary school students develop their critical thinking skills. We used a pre- and post-test approach with 30 students, giving them a validated critical thinking test before and after a two-week period where they used the module. The results were pretty clear: there was a big jump in critical thinking scores (the average went from 65.2 to 82.5, and it was statistically significant with a p-value less than 0.001). Beyond the numbers, we also noticed the students were much more engaged, curious, and showed stronger analytical abilities while working with the module. It looks like combining the interdisciplinary nature of STEAM with a fun, hands-on "steam" theme is a really promising way to build crucial critical thinking skills in young learners.
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING NIGERIAN PROPOLIS EXTRACT FOR ENHANCED CORROSION PROTECTION OF CARBON STEEL IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS
The relentless corrosion of carbon steel, especially within the harsh acidic conditions of many industries, presents significant economic and safety challenges. In response, this study explores a sustainable and effective solution by harnessing the power of green chemistry. We detail the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an extract from North Central Nigerian propolis, evaluating their performance as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in a 1.0 M HCl solution. In this green approach, the propolis extract itself acts as both the reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful formation and characteristics of the resulting silver-propolis nanoparticles (Ag-PrNPs) were confirmed using a suite of analytical techniques, including UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and advanced microscopy (SEM/EDX and STEM). To test their real-world effectiveness, we assessed corrosion inhibition through weight loss measurements at different temperatures and immersion times, as well as through electrochemical methods like potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results are highly promising: the Ag-PrNPs act as a powerful corrosion inhibitor, achieving an efficiency of over 96% in gravimetric tests. Our electrochemical data reveal that the inhibitor functions as a mixed-type inhibitor, suppressing both the anodic and cathodic reactions of corrosion. The formation of a protective film on the steel surface was confirmed by a significant increase in charge transfer resistance. We found that the inhibitor's adsorption onto the steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and our thermodynamic analysis points to a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process. This work successfully demonstrates a novel, eco-friendly, and highly effective strategy for mitigating steel corrosion using a readily available natural resource.
Fostering Mathematical Minds: A Problem-Based Approach to Conquering Linear Equations
For many students, higher-level math feels like an insurmountable wall. We started this research to find a better way to teach one of those challenging topics: Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables (SPLTV). Our goal was to develop learning materials that didn't just teach formulas, but actively nurtured students' own logical-mathematical intelligence. Using a four-stage development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), we created a complete learning package based on the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model for Grade X vocational students. This package included everything from teaching modules and student worksheets to learning videos and tests. To see if it worked, we gathered feedback from experts, observed the materials in action, and measured student growth with pre- and post-tests. The results were incredibly positive. Experts gave the materials a strong "Valid" rating (with scores like 3.79 and 3.82 out of 4). In the classroom, the materials proved highly practical and easy to use. Most importantly, the students thrived. We saw an 84.6% class-wide learning completion rate, and a comparison with a control group showed a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in their logical thinking skills. This study shows that with the right approach, we can move beyond rote memorization and create tools that empower students to think like true problem-solvers.
EVALUATING GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM LEAF INCLUSION AS A CONCENTRATE REPLACEMENT IN COMPLETE RATIONS: EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT PROFILE, FIBER COMPONENTS, DIGESTIBILITY, AND IN VITRO RUMEN FERMENTATION
Imagine a world where livestock farming is more affordable and kinder to our planet. This study dives into how we can make that happen by using Gliricidia sepium (also known as Gamal) leaves as a substitute for expensive traditional concentrates in animal feed. We set up an experiment with four different feed mixes, gradually increasing the amount of Gliricidia sepium from 0% (our control) to 10%, 20%, and finally 30%. Our findings showed that adding more Gliricidia sepium significantly boosted the protein content of the feed and surprisingly, even lowered the tough-to-digest fiber components (NDF and ADF), while slightly reducing easily digestible carbohydrates (NFE). When we looked at how well the feed was digested in a lab setting (in vitro), we found that moderate amounts of Gliricidia sepium (10% and 20%) kept digestibility levels strong, even slightly improving them. However, pushing it to 30% actually caused a noticeable drop in digestibility. Similarly, the rumen microbes, which are essential for digestion, were most active and efficient at the 10% Gliricidia sepium level, producing more gas, ammonia, and beneficial fatty acids, and synthesizing more microbial protein. But at 30%, their activity dipped. What does this all mean? It suggests that Gliricidia sepium leaves can be a fantastic, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to traditional concentrates for ruminants. The sweet spot seems to be around 10-20% inclusion, where we get the best nutritional benefits and efficient digestion without running into problems from natural compounds in the leaves. This research offers exciting possibilities for farmers looking to cut costs and improve their animals' diets in a sustainable way.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN THE EAST KOLAKA REGENCY
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with treatment success heavily dependent on patient adherence to a long-term medication regimen. Non-adherence contributes to treatment failure, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and continued community transmission. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with medication adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the East Kolaka Regency. Methods: This research employed an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in six working areas of the East Kolaka Regency Health Service. The population consisted of all 59 registered pulmonary TB patients undergoing treatment. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring medication adherence and several independent variables, including knowledge, family support, role of health workers, stigma, access to health services, income, and medical costs. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate (Chi-Square test), and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A majority of patients (69.5%) exhibited low adherence. Bivariate analysis indicated statistically significant relationships between adherence and knowledge (p=0.004), family support (p<0.001), stigma (p=0.008), access to health facilities (p<0.001), income (p=0.002), and medical costs (p=0.003). The role of health workers was not significant (p=0.325). Multivariate analysis identified difficult access to health facilities (OR=22.818) and less family support (OR=18.452) as the most dominant predictors of non-adherence. Discussion: The findings underscore the multifactorial nature of medication adherence in TB treatment. The dominant influence of structural barriers, such as difficult access to healthcare, and psychosocial factors, like inadequate family support, indicates that adherence is not merely an issue of individual responsibility. The study concludes that improving medication adherence in East Kolaka requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses patient education, strengthens family and community support systems, actively works to reduce disease-related stigma, and mitigates structural and economic barriers.